“The penalties for violating the religious restrictions are draconian. The law carries a fine of up to nearly $800 for individuals and over $15,000 for organizations who violate the rules. Foreign visitors, such as missionaries, can be immediately deported.”

Russia recently imposed new restrictions on religious groups outside the Russian Orthodox Church. Although some allege that this is a return to a Stalinist state, these actions are best understood in the immediate context of September’s parliamentary elections as well as in the longer term as Russia’s continuing suspicion of “foreign” influences.

First, is important to understand what religious freedom is. Individual religious liberty is not just being alone with one’s god in a closet because religion is a collective activity. It includes meeting with other believers, discussing one’s faith with others, talking about faith with one’s children, reading and publishing religious materials, and the like. Many fundamental rights are involved with religious liberty that directly stem from this “first freedom” including the right to assemble, freedom of speech, property rights, and the right to educate one’s children in the faith. Russia has long restricted these things and the updated 2016 rules make it increasingly difficult for evangelicals, in particular, to practice their faith openly in Russia and associate themselves with global evangelical networks.

Are Russia’s restrictions new? No. The July 2016 law extends a 1997 law, signed by Boris Yeltsin, restricting the activities of religious individuals and groups. The law was billed as an anti-terrorist measure, and it is true that over the years the Russian government has shut down the activities of a few radical mosques around the country. But it is clear that these restrictions are not really focused on violent Islamists or other terrorist actors. A simple look at the restrictions makes this clear: restrictions on public meetings, inviting foreign pastors or missionaries to visit, restrictions on publishing and broadcast, zoning and permit requirements, and other legal intrusions.

These restrictions should also be understood in light of the 2012 “foreign agent” law in Russia. The purpose of that law, ostensibly, was to restrict the activities of foreign agents and foreign money coming in to Russia to alter the political landscape. The actual target, however, was NGOs and human rights organizations. Indeed, it is estimated that one third of NGOs operating in Moscow have shut down since the 2012 law.

Similarly, the religious restriction laws have been used to target Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Church of Scientology, and more traditional evangelical Christian groups. It is hard to understand how Jehovah’s Witnesses or Scientologists can be seen as a threat to Russian national security in ways analogous to Islamic State or al Qaeda affiliates.

The penalties for violating the religious restrictions are draconian. The law carries a fine of up to nearly $800 for individuals and over $15,000 for organizations who violate the rules. Foreign visitors, such as missionaries, can be immediately deported. These rules, like the 2012 foreign agents law, allow for intrusive inspection and audits by government officials.

A second point that seems to have been largely missed by outsiders is the relationship of a narrowing of civil rights and liberties in Russia and the pending national parliamentary elections. Unlike past elections where there were obvious charges of voter fraud and intimidation, such has not been observed widely in Russia over the summer. Instead, there is a sophisticated narrative in government and “private” media outlets that Russian society and culture are under siege and that Russia is fortunate to have the bold, determined leadership of Vladimir Putin and his United Russia party to stand up against all forms of foreign influence and aggression.

Some in the West may find this laughable, but it is worthwhile to consider the claims of the narrative. The argument is that Russia is confronted by the West, by violent Islamism, by moral decadence in its youth and their liberal Western counterparts, and by hungry Asian powers in the East. Signs of this treacherous world abound, from NATO expansion to gay rights activism to violent Islamism to the undermining of the Russian Orthodox Church by unscrupulous religious sects. Putin’s poll numbers are remarkably high and this seems to be support from likely voters who do believe that Russia is acting appropriately in a dangerous world.

What can be done? Does the U.S. have leverage on these issues?

Read More

[Editor’s note: One or more original URLs (links) referenced in this article are no longer valid; those links have been removed.]