People from every nation, age, social, and economic class are subject to death. Why, for example, are infants subject to death if they have never personally committed a conscious sin? Quite simply, they are subject to death because of Adam’s representative action.

In the highly individualistic age in which we live, few embrace the idea that we can be held accountable for the actions of others. But the Bible paints a very different picture. Scripture teaches us that God holds us accountable for our own sins. Christ’s words about this are very clear (Matt. 12:36-37). But we are also connected to the people and world around us. People unconsciously recognize this intra-human bond in their day-to-day lives. We do not live in isolated bubbles—the actions of one person often ripple throughout an entire community. The Bible recognizes this relationship and explains the connection that all people have to one of two figures, either Adam or Christ.

You are represented by either Adam or Christ.

The apostle Paul spells out the implications of the respective representative actions of Adam and Christ:

For as the one man’s disobedience the many were constituted sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be constituted righteous. (Rom. 5:19, trans. mine)

Adam’s one sin was a representative action—God imputed, or credited, his one sinful deed to all humanity. Conversely, God imputes Christ’s representative obedience to all those who believe in him:

Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men.” (Rom. 5:18)

These statements constitute the heart of the doctrine of imputation. God holds us accountable; therefore, both for our own personal actions and for the actions of either Adam or Christ. The Bible sets forth three key imputations:

• Adam to all humanity

• The sins of the elect to Christ

• The righteousness of Christ to the elect

There are a number of biblical texts in the Old and New Testament that address these three imputations.

Every human is subject to death because of Adam.

As noted above, God imputes Adam’s sin to all human beings:

Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned. (Rom. 5:12)

If we look at the world for a moment, we see the truth of this statement with the naked eye. People from every nation, age, social, and economic class are subject to death. Why, for example, are infants subject to death if they have never personally committed a conscious sin? Quite simply, they are subject to death because of Adam’s representative action. In theological terms, God holds us accountable for actual sin (our own personal transgressions) and original sin (Adam’s first disobedience).

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